Glossary
a collection of reactions that converts a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons in the presence of catalysts, involved in the production of e-kerosene.
the Greenhouse Gas Protocol defines additionality as a criterion for assessing whether a project has resulted in greenhouse gas emission reductions or removals in addition to what would have occurred in the project’s absence.
according to the RED, liquid or gaseous biofuels made from materials listed in Part A of the Annex IX of the RED.
according to ReFuelEU, aviation fuels that are either: (a) advanced biofuels as defined above, (b) biofuels produced from used cooking oils or animal fats (category 1 and 2), or (c) other biofuels, with the exception of biofuels produced from ‘food and feed crops’.
the lightweight black residue, made of carbon and ashes, remaining after the pyrolysis of biomass, and is a form of charcoal (Source: Wikipedia).
carbon sourced from biogenic carbon derives from the combustion of biofuels for the purpose of generating electricity.
chain-of-custody model in which the administrative record flow does not necessarily connect to the physical flow of material or product throughout the supply chain (Source: ISO 22095:2020).
technology allowing the capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
risk for emissions reductions to be counted more than once towards a climate change mitigation effort.
fuels in gas or liquid form that are produced from electricity. E-methane, e-kerosene and e-methanol are different types of e-fuels.
jet fuel produced by combining H₂ and CO₂. If hydrogen is produced using additional renewable electricity (so-called “green hydrogen”), and carbon dioxide is captured from ambient air (through a process known as direct air capture (DAC)), e-kerosene can have near zero GHG emissions.
the process of using electricity to decompose water into oxygen and hydrogen gas. It is needed to produce green hydrogen, the primary feedstock of e-kerosene.
a process in which biomass is rapidly heated to high temperatures in the absence of air (specifically oxygen) (Source: Sciencedirect).
a reaction which involves the elimination of oxygen from the substrate in the existence of hydrogen (Source: Sciencedirect).
SAF production pathway, for which potential feedstocks include waste and residue fats (e.g., vegetable oil, used cooking oil, animal fats) and purposely grown plants (e.g., jatropha, camelina). Feedstock is converted using hydrogen to remove oxygen and produce hydrocarbon fuel components. (Source: EASA).
Hydrotreating is a well-established and industrially acceptable process to refine the crude petroleum and production of transportation fuels. In this process, a high volume of hydrogen gas is used for the removal of the undesired impurities (e.g., sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, etc.) in crude petroleum to reduce the emission of pollutant gases (e.g., SOx and NOx) during its consumption, and also for enhancing the quality of various fuels (e.g., diesel and gasoline) by increasing the cetane number (Source: Sciencedirect).
according to ReFuelEU, synthetic low-carbon aviation fuels or low-carbon hydrogen for aviation: ● Synthetic low carbon aviation fuels means “aviation fuels that are of non-biological origin, the energy content of which is derived from non-fossil low-carbon hydrogen 49, which meet lifecycle emissions savings threshold of 70% and the methodologies for assessing such lifecycle emissions savings pursuant to relevant Union legislation”; ● Low-carbon hydrogen for aviation means hydrogen for use in aircraft the energy content of which is derived from non-fossil non-renewable sources, which meets a lifecycle emissions savings threshold of 70 % and the methodologies for assessing such lifecycle emissions savings pursuant to relevant Union law.
an industrial process plant where petroleum (crude oil) is transformed and refined into useful products such as gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, asphalt base, fuel oils, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas and petroleum naphtha (Source: Wikipedia).
CO₂ sourced from industrial sites.
SAF production pathway used to produce e-kerosene. Water and electricity are used in an electrolyser to produce hydrogen, which is subsequently synthesized with CO₂ into syngas. The resulting syngas is then further processed into fuel by the Fischer-Tropsch reactor or alternatively by methanol synthesis.
Pyrolysis is the heating of an organic material, such as biomass, in the absence of oxygen. Biomass pyrolysis is usually conducted at or above 500 °C, providing enough heat to deconstruct the strong bio-polymers mentioned above (Source: USDA).
according to the RED, liquid and gaseous fuels that are produced from liquid or solid waste streams of non-renewable origin which are not suitable for material recovery in accordance with Article 4 of Directive 2008/98/EC, or from waste processing gas and exhaust gas of non-renewable origin which are produced as an unavoidable and unintentional consequence of the production process in industrial installations;
according to the RED, liquid or gaseous fuels which are used in the transport sector other than biofuels or biogas, the energy content of which is derived from renewable sources other than biomass.
according to ReFuelEU, SAF means aviation fuels that are either: (a) synthetic aviation fuels, (b) aviation biofuels, or (c) recycled carbon aviation fuels.
according to ReFuelEU, aviation fuels that are renewable fuels of non-biological origin (RFNBO) (see definition above).
